To assist auditors worldwide in implementing the clarified International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), the staff of the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) has developed a new question-and-answer publication entitled Applying ISAs Proportionately with the Size and Complexity of an Entity. The publication is relevant in the context of any audit, but will be of particular help to those who audit, or oversee the audits of, small- and medium-sized entities (SMEs).

"SMEs are an important sector of national economies and one that is sensitive to significant changes in standards," emphasizes James Gunn, IAASB Technical Director. "This staff publication highlights provisions within the ISAs that guide auditors in applying the requirements to audits of SMEs in an efficient and effective manner."

The questions and answers explain how the design of the ISAs enables them to be applied in a manner that is proportionate to the specific characteristics of the entity subject to audit. Furthermore, answers are given to questions relating to audit procedures, work effort, documentation, and professional judgment.

"Many of those with responsibility for financial statement audits are progressing their consideration of implementation issues of the clarified ISAs. We applaud this and believe that the IAASB staff has a role to play in supporting the implementation effort," adds Mr. Gunn.

The publication is available for download free of charge from the IFAC website (http://web.ifac.org/clarity-center/support-and-guidance).

About the IAASB and IFAC
The IAASB develops auditing and assurance standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IAASB and the IAASB Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the standards and guidance.

IFAC (www.ifac.org), the global organization for the accountancy profession with 157 members and associates in 123 countries, shares in the development and promotes the adoption and implementation of international standards and develops guidance to foster high-quality practice by professional accountants working in business, public practice, government, and education.

In a letter issued today, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has called for broad action by the G20 leaders at their September meeting in Pittsburgh, PA to encourage adoption and implementation of global accounting, auditing, and auditor independence standards to improve the ability of capital markets to work globally. In addition, IFAC has called for the worldwide adoption and implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards as a means to greatly improve government transparency and accountability in light of the "unprecedented takeovers, lending, guarantees, and bailouts of major market institutions, banks, and companies." It is also urging that further steps be taken to enhance the governance of the International Accounting Standards Board in order to ensure its legitimacy and its ability to act independently, and without inappropriate political interference, in its standard-setting role.

"The G20 leaders must act quickly to build a reformed international financial system," said Ian Ball, IFAC Chief Executive Officer. "While some nations appear to be moving toward recovery from the financial crisis, underlying problems of accountability and transparency remain. We believe that the adoption of international standards can help to address these issues and play an essential role in resolving the current crisis."

"The G20 should acknowledge that small- and medium-sized enterprises are the engine of the global economy and address their unique needs," emphasizes Robert Bunting, IFAC President. "IFAC's letter emphasizes this and points out that those establishing regulations must take into account any related costs and complexities that will impose burdens on, and threaten the sustainability of, the small business sector."

IFAC's letter to the G20 also includes recommendations on enhancing corporate governance, supporting the long-term strengthening of the accountancy profession in developing countries, and developing new tools and metrics to achieve global sustainability. The submission also asks the G20 to facilitate debate to resolve issues between financial reporting-designed to communicate business performance to investors-and prudential reporting-used to monitor and maintain financial stability. The letter with the full list of recommendations is posted on the IFAC website (http://www.ifac.org/financial-crisis/).

The recommendations reflect the views of the 60 leaders of accountancy organizations who attended the IFAC G20 Accountancy Summit, which took place in London, UK, July 23-24. They build on IFAC's previous submission to the G20, which was issued prior to their April 2009 meeting.

About IFAC
IFAC (http://www.ifac.org/) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Governments and regulators need to step up initiatives to promote convergence to global accountancy and auditing standards-and they need to do so quickly-according to over 60 leaders of the accountancy profession who attended the International Federation of Accountants' (IFAC's) G20 Accountancy Summit on July 23 and 24 in London. The summit was organized to achieve consensus by the profession on a series of recommendations to be made to the G20 leaders prior to their meeting in September on issues related to the financial crisis.

Participants unanimously agreed that the public interest would best be served by a single set of high-quality, principles-based financial reporting and auditing standards for listed and public interest entities. 

"It is critical that national standard-setting bodies establish roadmaps to move toward adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards and International Standards on Auditing," emphasized Robert Bunting, IFAC President.

The group stressed the importance of having balanced views in the standard-setting process and ensuring that there is no undue influence from any one stakeholder group. They also emphasized the need for the International Accounting Standards Board to have a robust governance structure that will ensure its effectiveness and independence.

In addition, summit participants called upon governments to follow the same high standards of financial reporting as their private sector counterparts and to adopt International Public Sector Accounting Standards.

"The group expressed strong concerns about the liabilities and contingencies being assumed by governments in many countries as a result of the financial crisis," explained IFAC Chief Executive Officer Ian Ball. "IFAC will continue to emphasize to the G20 the need for governments to provide clear and transparent reporting to their taxpayers and to capital markets."

World Bank Chief Financial Management Officer Tony Hegarty addressed the group, highlighting the urgent need to develop and strengthen the profession in developing and emerging economies as a key step in achieving financial stability. He announced that the World Bank and IFAC will work together to develop a new initiative to deepen cooperation in this area. Summit participants supported this initiative and recommended that G20 governments should partner with the World Bank and IFAC to establish a framework for building sustainable capacity for the accountancy profession.

Other key recommendations from the group included the following:

• The needs of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) need to be considered in the development of standards, as well as in any re-regulation. "SMEs are the economic engine of global growth and we need to ensure that they are not faced with any unnecessary or unintended compliance or other burdens," stated IFAC President Robert Bunting.
• The G20 should continue to make strengthening corporate governance a priority. Focus should be placed on examining the role of independent directors, CFOs, and audit committees, as well as improving the linkage of remuneration schemes with performance.
• There is a need for a more robust financial reporting model that includes, among other things, reporting on sustainability and environmental issues.

These and other recommendations from the summit participants, who represented accountancy organizations in 17 of the G20 countries (see attached), will be included in a communiqué sent to the G20 within the next two weeks.

About IFAC
IFAC (http://www.ifac.org/) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Costing Levels Maturity Model, published as a companion document to the International Good Practice Guidance, Evaluating and Improving Costing in Organizations, aims to help professional accountants decide what level of costing sophistication to use given organizational requirements and the needs of managers and employees.

The Professional Accountants in Business (PAIB) Committee of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has released a new International Good Practice Guidance publication, Evaluating and Improving Costing in Organizations, which establishes six fundamental principles that can help professional accountants and their organizations to evaluate and improve their approach to costing. The guidance recognizes the importance of distinguishing between the purposes and information needs of cost accounting to meet the demands of external reporting, cost measurement, and reporting for internal decision support. A companion document, Costing Levels Maturity Model, has also been published to help professional accountants decide what level of costing sophistication to use given organizational requirements and the needs of managers and employees.

"Professional accountants have a significant role to play in ensuring that they, and the costing models and systems they use, provide relevant information and analysis to support performance evaluation and planning and management decisions," says Roger Tabor, Chair of the PAIB Committee. "Good costing information is essential to interpret and analyze past performance. And it can be used predictively to guide decisions about many aspects of an organization's future operations. These activities are different, and the guidance is designed to help professional accountants provide valuable information to their management customers."

This IFAC guidance is targeted to professionals working in commerce and industry, as well as the public sector, education, and the not-for-profit sector. It recognizes that, when used effectively, costing can provide clear and timely information. The guidance cautions, however, that all cost information is not created equal: Highly aggregated cost information, for example, which is compiled for external reporting purposes, may not reflect such relationships closely enough to support future strategic and operational decisions.    

The new Costing Levels Maturity Model can also help professional accountants exercise professional judgment to assess their organization's existing costing capability for supporting internal managerial analysis and decisions. The PAIB Committee seeks comments from professional accountants and IFAC member bodies on the model to help its continued development.

Evaluating and Improving Costing in Organizations and Costing Levels Maturity Model can be downloaded free of charge from the PAIB section of the IFAC online bookstore at www.ifac.org/store. The PAIB Committee welcomes all feedback, which can be emailed to paib@ifac.org.

About IFAC
IFAC (www.ifac.org) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

This International Good Practice Guidance establishes six fundamental principles that can help professional accountants and their organizations to evaluate and improve their approach to costing.

The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) has issued a revised Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (the Code), clarifying requirements for all professional accountants and significantly strengthening the independence requirements of auditors. The revised Code has been released following the consideration and approval by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) of due process and extensive public interest consultation.The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) has issued a revised Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (the Code), clarifying requirements for all professional accountants and significantly strengthening the independence requirements of auditors. The revised Code has been released following the consideration and approval by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) of due process and extensive public interest consultation.

"Strong and clear independence standards are vital to investor trust in financial reporting," emphasizes IESBA Chair Richard George. "The increase in trust and certainty that flow from familiarity with standards, including a common understanding of what it means to be independent when providing assurance services, will contribute immeasurably to a reduction in barriers to international capital flows."

The revised Code, which is effective on January 1, 2011, includes the following changes to strengthen independence requirements:

• Extending the independence requirements for audits of listed entities to all public interest entities;
• Requiring a cooling off period before certain members of the firm can join public interest audit clients in certain specified positions;
• Extending partner rotation requirements to all key audit partners;
• Strengthening some of the provisions related to the provision of non-assurance services to audit clients;
• Requiring a pre- or post-issuance review if total fees from a public interest audit client exceed 15% of the total fees of the firm for two consecutive years; and
• Prohibiting key audit partners from being evaluated on or compensated for selling non-assurance services to their audit clients.

The revised Code maintains the principles-based approach supplemented by detailed requirements where necessary, resulting in a Code that is robust but also sufficiently flexible to address the wide-ranging circumstances encountered by professional accountants.

"This approach should also help to facilitate global convergence," points out Mr. George.

The International Federation of Accountants' Statements of Membership Obligations have as a central objective the convergence of a country's national code with the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. Further, the requirements specify that member bodies should not apply less stringent standards than those stated in the Code.

"It is especially critical that member bodies focus on the implementation of the revised Code as soon as possible," emphasizes Mr. George. "To help them in this process, the IESBA plans to provide them with some additional support and guidance in the coming months."  

About the IESBA and IFAC
The IESBA develops ethical standards and guidance for use by all professional accountants under a shared standard-setting process involving the Public Interest Oversight Board, which oversees the activities of the IESBA, and the IESBA Consultative Advisory Group, which provides public interest input into the development of the Code.

IFAC (www.ifac.org), the global organization for the accountancy profession with 157 members and associates in 123 countries, shares in the development and promotes the adoption and implementation of international standards and develops guidance to foster high-quality practice by professional accountants working in business, public practice, government, and education.

The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and its Small and Medium Practices (SMP) Committee welcome the release of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IFAC encourages its 157 member organizations to carefully consider how to use the standard in their respective jurisdictions.The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and its Small and Medium Practices (SMP) Committee welcome the release of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). IFAC encourages its 157 member organizations to carefully consider how to use the standard in their respective jurisdictions.

"This global accounting standard represents a very significant step on the path to global convergence of financial reporting practices by SMEs. It will contribute to enhancing the quality and comparability of SME financial statements around the world and assist SMEs in gaining access to finance," remarks IFAC Chief Executive Ian Ball, adding, "The beneficiaries will be not only SMEs, but also their customers, clients, and all other users of SME financial statements."

IFAC, largely through its SMP Committee, has been closely following and supporting this project since its inception. It has provided input to the IASB to assist it in reaching a solution that will contribute to the quality of SME financial reporting without placing costly and unnecessary compliance burdens on SMEs.

Sylvie Voghel, chair of the IFAC SMP Committee, points out, "This standard is a significant development; however, its issuance is not the end of the story, but rather the opening chapter. Consistent and effective implementation will demand a concerted international effort to mobilize the necessary support for companies and preparers. The development of free training materials by the International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation is a very positive step in this direction."  

Ms. Voghel adds, "The IASB will also need to monitor the implementation of the IFRS for SMEs and be prepared to revise and update it. Such flexibility is key to ensuring its continued relevance and usability."

IFAC is currently considering the role it can play together with its member bodies to facilitate implementation of the new standard.

About IFAC
IFAC (www.ifac.org) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce.

Introduction
Good morning. I would like to thank you for inviting me to speak on this wonderful occasion, and to say how very pleased I am to be here today.

As you may know, the ICAI was one of the founding member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants, IFAC, and has always been one of our key members. So it is even more gratifying to offer my personal congratulations on ICAI's Diamond Jubilee.

I also bring greetings and congratulations from IFAC's President, Bob Bunting, and Chief Executive, Ian Ball, who cannot be here today.

I'm here to look ahead this morning, and speak to you about the changing dimensions of the accountant's role. In other words, I will speak about what is expected of our profession today and tomorrow, and how we can better live up to those expectations.

In the course of my remarks, I will tell you about a few things that the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the standard-setting Boards that operate its auspices are doing to help professional accountants keep the public interest in mind as they function as accountants and auditors.

To enhance the usability of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) and thus facilitate global convergence, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has launched an improvements project with the release of Exposure Draft (ED) 42, Improvements to IPSASs. This ED is the first of a proposed series of annual improvements to the IPSASs and is modeled on the successful annual improvements program developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

The proposed amendments in the ED are related primarily to the recognition, measurement, or disclosure requirements but do not represent substantive revisions to the content of existing standards. They reflect changes made by the IASB to related International Financial Reporting Standards.

"The financial reporting world of the public sector is a dynamic one," states Mike Hathorn, IPSASB Chairman, "and it is necessary for the IPSASB to continually reassess the IPSASs to ensure that they are relevant to users of public sector financial statements and easy to use by preparers of financial statements."

How to Comment
Comments on ED 42 are requested by September 30, 2009. The ED may be viewed by going to www.ifac.org/Guidance/EXD-Outstanding.php. Respondents are asked to send their comments electronically through the IFAC website, using the "Submit a Comment" link on the Exposure Drafts and Consultation Papers page. Please note that first-time users must register to use this new feature. Although IFAC prefers that comments be submitted using the online submission system, e-mail may continue to be sent to edcomments@ifac.org and stepheniefox@ifac.org. Comments can also be faxed to the attention of the IPSASB Technical Director at +1 (416) 977-8585, or mailed to the IPSASB Technical Director at 277 Wellington Street West, 4th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5V 3H2, Canada. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on the IFAC website.

About IFAC
IFAC (www.ifac.org) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry, and commerce. In addition to setting international public sector financial reporting standards through the IPSASB, IFAC sets ethics, auditing and assurance, and education standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high-quality performance by professional accountants in business.