The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), has issued for comment the first in a series of consultation papers focused on the development of an international public sector conceptual framework. Entitled Conceptual Framework for General Purpose Financial Reporting by Public Sector Entities, the consultation paper represents a landmark achievement for the public sector financial reporting community.

The consultation paper identifies the IPSASB's preliminary views on the objectives and scope of financial reporting, the qualitative characteristics of information included in general purpose financial reports and the characteristics of public sector reporting entities. 

 "Our ultimate goal is to develop a framework that makes explicit the concepts, definitions, and principles that underpin the development of IPSASs," states IPSASB Chair Mike Hathorn. "Since it will apply across countries and jurisdictions with different political systems and forms of government, the framework will recognize the diversity that exists in the many jurisdictions that may adopt IPSASs and help to strengthen the transparency and consistency of financial reporting by governments worldwide. This makes receiving a broad spectrum of comments on this paper, and all our consultation papers, all the more significant."

"Given the important role the conceptual framework will eventually play in the future standard-setting activities of the IPSASB, I strongly urge constituents to respond to the views expressed in this milestone paper," adds Mr. Hathorn.

How to Comment
Comments on the consultation paper are requested by March 31, 2009. It may be viewed and downloaded by going to https://www.ifac.org/Guidance/EXD-Details.php?EDID=0119. Comments may be submitted by email to EDComments@ifac.org. They can also be faxed to the attention of the IPSASB Technical Director at +1 (416) 977-8585, or mailed to the IPSASB Technical Director at 277 Wellington Street West, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5V 3H2, Canada.   All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on the IFAC website.

About IFAC

IFAC (https://www.ifac.org/) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international public sector financial reporting standards through the IPSASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets ethics, auditing and assurance, and education standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) today released a consultation paper Matters to Consider in a Revision of International Standard on Review Engagements (ISRE) 2400, "Engagements to Review Financial Statements" developed by staff from the national auditing standard setters of New Zealand (Professional Standards Board), Canada (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board), and South Africa (Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors). It is expected that the responses to this paper will assist the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of IFAC, in its consideration of a relevant and cost-effective assurance service that is an alternative to an audit for small- and medium-sized entities in particular.

The paper, commissioned by the IAASB, focuses on a number of significant matters relevant to a revision of ISRE 2400, including the nature and extent of the work a practitioner should perform in an engagement to review financial statements, and how the level of assurance obtained should best be communicated to users.  It also raises numerous discussion points. In so doing, it helps to accelerate the IAASB’s work to revise ISRE 2400, a project that is included in the IAASB's Strategy and Work Program for 2009-2011.

"We are grateful for this collaborative effort on the part of auditing standard setters in South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand, and encourage practitioners, other national auditing standard setters, national professional accountancy bodies, end users of review services, and others with an interest in alternative assurance services, to review and respond to the issues discussed in this paper," emphasizes Jim Sylph, IFAC Executive Director, Professional Standards. "The preliminary input in response to this paper will help guide the Board’s work and enable it to address in a timely and efficient manner the needs of users, practitioners and other stakeholders for robust and appropriate standards," he adds.

How to Comment
Comments on the consultation paper are requested by December 15, 2008. The paper may be downloaded from the IFAC website. Comments on the consultation paper may be sent to reviewengagements@ifac.org. They may also be faxed to James M. Sylph, IFAC Executive Director, Professional Standards, at +1-212-286-9570 or mailed to him at 545 Fifth Avenue, 14th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on the IFAC website

About the IAASB
The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IAASB and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce.  In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB), an independent standard-setting board within the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), is seeking comments on its proposed changes to IPSAS 5, Borrowing Costs, set forth in exposure draft (ED) 35, Borrowing Costs (Revised 200X). 
 
"Public sector entities borrow for a variety of reasons, most of which are unrelated to asset acquisition," said Mike Hathorn, Chair of the IPSASB. "The IPSASB concluded that requiring public sector entities to capitalize borrowing costs as part of the cost of qualifying assets would not satisfy the qualitative characteristics of general purpose financial reporting, particularly related to the reliability of information reported. The immediate expensing of these borrowing costs instead will enhance the accountability of public sector entities." 

Most notably, ED 35 proposes amendments to reflect that in many circumstances the capitalization of borrowing costs as part of the cost of an asset is not appropriate for public sector entities.  This view, a departure from both IPSAS 5 and International Accounting Standards Board's International Accounting Standard 23, Borrowing Costs, is an evolution from public sector consideration of the issue.  The ED proposes that entities recognize borrowing-related expenses, such as interest or loan origination fees, during the period in which they are incurred. The ED also proposes, however, that where entities borrow funds specifically to acquire, construct or produce a qualifying asset, the entity has the option to capitalize those costs as part of the cost of that asset.

ED 35 may be viewed and downloaded by going to https://www.ifac.org/EDs. The IPSASB values the public's opinion and welcomes comments on its decision to require entities to expense borrowing costs, except in the circumstances outlined.

How to Comment
Comments on ED 35 are requested by January 7, 2009, and may be submitted via email at EDcomments@ifac.org.  Comments can also be faxed to the attention of the IPSASB Technical Director at +1 (416) 977-8585, or mailed to the IPSASB Technical Director at 277 Wellington Street West, 6th Floor, and Toronto, Ontario M5V 3H2, Canada. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and, ultimately, will be posted on the IFAC website.

About IFAC
IFAC (www.ifac.org) is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international public sector financial reporting standards through the IPSASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets ethics, auditing and assurance, and education standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

SMS Latinoamérica has been named a full member of the Forum of Firms after reporting it has implemented a globally coordinated quality assurance program, committed to the use of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs), and met other specific ethics requirements, the Forum announced today. Seventeen other international networks of accounting firms achieved full member status earlier this year. A list of the Forum's members is attached.

The Forum of Firms is an association of international networks of accounting firms. These firms perform audits of financial statements that are or may be used across national borders. The Forum's goal is to promote consistent and high quality standards of financial reporting and auditing practices worldwide.

In order to achieve full membership status, SMS Latinamérica had to commit to meet the Forum's membership obligations which require members to:

• Maintain appropriate quality control standards in accordance with International Standards on Quality Control issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) in addition to relevant national quality control standards and conduct, to the extent not prohibited by national regulation, regular globally coordinated internal quality assurance reviews;
• Have policies and methodologies for the conduct of transnational audits that are based, to the extent practicable, on ISAs issued by the IAASB; and
• Have policies and methodologies which conform to the IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants and national codes of ethics.

As of July 2008, of the 22 Forum members, 18 are full members and four are provisional members. The Forum's remaining provisional members are working toward becoming full members in 2008. For additional details on the Forum of Firms, please visit: https://www.ifac.org/Forum_of_Firms/.

To further promote and facilitate accountants' adherence to high ethical and independence standards, the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA), an independent standard-setting board within the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), has proposed changes to the IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants. The changes, outlined in an exposure draft with the same title, focus on enhancing the clarity of the Code. The proposed changes make clear the specific requirements that are contained in the Code and refine the application of the Code's conceptual framework.

"The proposals significantly enhance the clarity and understandability of the provisions in the Code," states Richard George, IESBA Chair. "We believe that the revised Code will provide a strong foundation to further the IESBA's objective of facilitating convergence of international and national ethical standards."

Comments on the exposure draft are requested by October 15, 2008. The exposure draft may be viewed by going to https://www.ifac.org/eds. Comments may be submitted by email to edcomments@ifac.org. They can also be faxed to the attention of the IESBA Senior Technical Manager at +1 (212) 286-9570 or mailed to IFAC, 545 Fifth Avenue, 14th floor, New York, NY 10017, USA. All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on IFAC's website.

About the IESBA and IFAC
The IESBA develops ethical standards and guidance for use by professional accountants. It encourages member bodies of IFAC to adopt high standards of ethics for their members and promotes good ethical practices globally. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IESBA and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international standards of ethics through the IESBA, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets standards on auditing and assurance, education, and public sector accounting. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

Following the consideration and approval of due process by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB), the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), today released International Standard on Auditing (ISAs) 550 (Revised and Redrafted), Related Parties and three clarity redrafted ISAs.

Related Parties
The involvement of related parties in major corporate scandals encouraged the IAASB to revise its current auditing standard on the subject. The revised Related Parties standard clarifies the meaning of "related party" for purposes of an audit. It also makes clear the auditor's responsibility to obtain sufficient evidence about the required accounting and disclosure of related party relationships and transactions and to understand how such relationships and transactions affect the view given by the financial statements.

"The standard will strengthen current auditing practice in this area by emphasizing the need for the auditor to understand related party relationships and transactions in order to identify the risks of material misstatement to which these may give rise, and directing the auditor to focus work effort on the assessed risks of material misstatement, including those due to fraud," explains John Kellas, IAASB Chairman.

"The revised standard clarifies the auditor's responsibilities in those cases where the financial reporting framework establishes minimal or no related party requirements. In addition, it provides enhanced guidance to assist the auditor in understanding and responding to the risks of material misstatement that may arise in relation to related parties with dominant influence," emphasizes Kellas.

Clarity Redrafted ISAs
In addition to ISA 550 (Revised and Redrafted), the IAASB has also released the following clarity redrafted ISAs:

• ISA 250 (Redrafted), Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements;
• ISA 510 (Redrafted), Initial Audit Engagements-Opening Balances; and
• ISA 570 (Redrafted), Going Concern.

They form part of the IAASB's ambitious 18-month program to redraft existing standards following the clarity drafting conventions.* To date, the IAASB has released 15 final clarity redrafted ISAs. The IAASB is on track to finalize its complete set of clarified ISAs by the end of this year.

The complete set of clarified ISAs, including newly revised standards such as ISA 550 (Revised and Redrafted), will be effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009.

The ISAs can be downloaded free-of-charge from the IFAC online bookstore. 

About the IAASB and IFAC
The objective of the IAASB is to serve the public interest by setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and by facilitating the convergence of international and national standards, thereby enhancing the quality and uniformity of practice throughout the world and strengthening public confidence in the global auditing and assurance profession. The Public Interest Oversight Board oversees the activities of the IAASB and, as one element of that oversight, establishes its due process and working procedures.

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets international ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

* Key elements of the clarity drafting conventions include: establishing an objective for the auditor with respect to the subject matter of each standard; clearly distinguishing requirements from guidance on their application; avoiding ambiguity through eliminating the present tense to describe actions by the auditor and using more imperative language where a requirement was intended; and other structural and drafting improvements to enhance the overall readability and understandability of the standards.

The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), today released its Strategy and Work Program, 2009-2011. The three-year strategy includes an emphasis on the development of standards that contribute to the effective operation of the world's capital markets and that address the needs of small- and medium-sized entities and small and medium practices.

The Strategy and Work Program, issued following consideration and approval of its completeness from a public interest perspective by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB)*, is consistent with the IAASB's overall objectives. ** It builds on the strong base of standards developed by the IAASB to date and focuses on three areas:

• The development of standards;
• The facilitation and monitoring of adoption of those standards; and
• Responding to concerns about the implementation of the standards by activities designed to improve the consistency with which they are applied in practice.

"The IAASB's vision is that the high quality standards on assurance, related services and, in particular, International Standards on Auditing that we develop in the public interest are adopted and applied internationally. The strategy and work program are consistent with this longer term vision," explains John Kellas, IAASB Chairman.

The Strategy and Work Program responds to significant developments in the environment in which audit and other assurance services are performed, and in which standards for such services are set. It also highlights the IAASB role in working toward global acceptance of and convergence with its standards and in establishing and maintaining relevant partnerships. It is underpinned by the IAASB's communications initiatives to keep stakeholders informed of its activities and to promote adoption and implementation of its standards.

The Strategy and Work Program reflects the outcome of an extensive consultation program to obtain the widest possible input into determining the IAASB's priorities over the next three years. A summary of the IAASB's conclusions with regard to significant matters raised during these consultations is presented in the Basis for Conclusions: IAASB Strategy and Work Program, 2009-2011.

"I am grateful to the many people and organizations that contributed to our strategy review consultations. I hope that the direction of our work will be seen as responding to the representations made to us, and to the public interest, which must be our overriding concern. Of course, events and circumstances may require us to amend our program, and for this reason it will be kept under constant review," notes Kellas.

The Strategy and Work Program, 2009-2011 can be downloaded free-of-charge from the IFAC online bookstore. To access the related Basis for Conclusions and other information on the IAASB's work, visit its home page.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

Notes to Editors

* The PIOB was formally established in February 2005 to oversee IFAC's auditing and assurance, ethics, and education standard-setting activities as well as the IFAC Member Body Compliance Program. The objective of the PIOB is to increase confidence of investors and others that such activities, including the setting of standards by the IAASB, are properly responsive to the public interest. PIOB members are nominated by international institutions and regulatory bodies.

** The objective of the IAASB is: "To serve the public interest by setting, independently and under its own authority, high quality standards dealing with auditing, review, other assurance, quality control, and related services, and by facilitating the convergence of national and international standards." This objective contributes to enhanced quality and uniformity of practice in these areas throughout the world and to strengthened public confidence in financial reporting. The IAASB aims to achieve its objective through the following strategic initiatives:

(a) Development of Standards - Establish high quality auditing, review, other assurance, quality control, and related services standards.

(b) Global Acceptance, Convergence and Partnership - Promote the acceptance and adoption of IAASB pronouncements throughout the world and support a strong and cohesive international accountancy profession by coordinating with IFAC member bodies, regional organizations, and national standard setters to achieve the objective of the IAASB.

(c) Communication - Improve the quality and uniformity of auditing practices and related services throughout the world by encouraging debate and presenting papers on a variety of audit and assurance issues and increasing the public image and awareness of the activities of the IAASB.

The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Member Body Compliance Program, launched four years ago, has reached a major milestone in its mission to encourage accountancy organizations worldwide to work together with their members, regulators, standard setters, and other key stakeholders to strengthen the profession. The Compliance Program is comprised of a three-part process:

• A member organization's assessment of its country's regulatory and standard-setting framework;
• A self-assessment of the extent to which a member body has committed to international convergence of standards and promoted the implementation of strong quality assurance and enforcement regimes as specified in IFAC membership requirements; and
• The development of action plans to further the convergence process and meet other IFAC membership requirements.

The Compliance Program is now in this third phase and, today, the actions plans of IFAC members from six countries were publicly released on the IFAC website.  The six members are:

• Federación Argentina de Consejos Profesionales de Ciencias Económicas;
• Botswana Institute of Accountants;
• Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants;
• Chamber of Auditors of the Czech Republic;
• Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya; and
• Corpul Expertilor Contabili si Contabililor Autorizati din Romania.

Representing four different continents, these actions plans are reflective of the kinds of programs and activities that all IFAC member organizations are developing in their own jurisdictions.

"These action plans demonstrate the leadership of the profession in engaging country stakeholders, such as regulators, government officials, academics, and others in further enhancing the quality of the profession and ensuring greater consistency worldwide," states Robert Mednick, Chair of the Compliance Advisory Panel that oversees the Member Body Compliance Program.

"Our expectation is that all of IFAC's 157 member bodies in both developed and emerging countries will develop actions plans that address the key elements of convergence, the subsequent implementation of standards and new regulatory initiatives," added Mednick. 

IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. Through its independent standard-setting boards, IFAC sets international standards on ethics, auditing and assurance, education, and public sector accounting. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

The Board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has appointed Prof. Dr. Arnold Schilder, RA, to lead the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board under the auspices of IFAC, beginning January 1, 2009. Prof. Schilder's appointment to a three-year term as IAASB Chair was approved by the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB)*, which oversees the IAASB's activities, at its meeting in Madrid, Spain last week.

"Arnold Schilder brings both a breadth and depth of experience and strong integrity to the position of IAASB Chair," states Fermín del Valle, IFAC President. "As its next chair, he will lead the IAASB in continuing to develop high quality international audit standards to be used around the world."

Prof. Schilder is currently Executive Director of De Nederlandsche Bank NV, the prudential supervisor of financial institutions in the Netherlands. He is a member of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and served as Chairman of its Accounting Task Force from 1999 to 2006. Prof. Schilder has also served as a member of the PIOB and as Chairman of the European Interim Working Committee on Financial Conglomerates. In addition, he is a part-time professor of auditing at the University of Amsterdam and is a past President of the Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut van Registeraccountants, IFAC's member body in the Netherlands. Previously, he was a senior international audit partner in PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) in the Netherlands and worked for PwC and predecessor firms from 1972 to 1998.

As chair, Prof. Schilder will lead the IAASB in its initiatives in setting high quality auditing and assurance standards and facilitating the convergence of international and national standards. He will play a key role in guiding the IAASB as it strives to enhance the quality and uniformity of audit practice throughout the world and to build public confidence in financial reporting.

"I am delighted to chair the IAASB during the next three years as it continues to fulfill its public interest mission," states Prof. Schilder. "I will welcome the input of all our stakeholders, including users of IAASB standards, national standard setters, regulators, governments, and the public, as the IAASB addresses new assurance topics as well as promotes further the benefits of its standards to key constituencies that have not yet adopted them."

For more information about the work of the IAASB, visit its home page at https://www.iaasb.org.

About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce.  In addition to setting international auditing and assurance standards through the IAASB, IFAC, through its independent standard-setting boards, sets ethics, education, and public sector accounting standards. It also issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.

* Note to Editors
The Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) was formally established in February 2005 to oversee IFAC's auditing and assurance, ethics, and education standard-setting activities as well as the IFAC Member Body Compliance Program. The objective of the PIOB is to increase confidence of investors and others that such activities, including the setting of standards by the IAASB, are properly responsive to the public interest. PIOB members are nominated by international institutions and regulatory bodies.

French and Spanish translations of the press release are posted below.

As part of its ongoing commitment to support professional accountants in business and their organizations in enhancing governance and in assessing and delivering organizational performance, the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) Professional Accountants in Business (PAIB) Committee has released two new proposed International Good Practice Guidance documents for public comment. The proposed guidance addresses evaluating and improving governance structures and use of costing to support effective decision making.

Governance
The newly released exposure draft, Evaluating and Improving Governance in Organizations, sets out a framework, a series of fundamental principles, practical guidance, and references on how to evaluate and improve governance in organizations. The purpose of this guidance is to assist professional accountants and their organizations in creating a balance between conformance with rules and regulations and organizational performance.

Costing
The second proposed International Good Practice Guidance, Costing to Drive Organizational Performance, is designed to assist professional accountants in business in delivering useful cost information to support effective decision making and organizational performance. The proposed guidance sets out eight fundamental principles of costing that encourage a performance-based view of costing to help professional accountants in business to ensure that costing information supports forward-looking strategic and operational decisions.

"This principles-based good practice guidance addresses key strategic and financial management issues that many professional accountants in business address in their daily work," states Edward Chow, Chair of the PAIB Committee. "Our goal is to develop principles-based guidance that offers a global perspective and places professional accountants in business at the heart of driving organizational performance."

How to Comment
Comments on the two proposed guidance documents are requested by September 23, 2008. They may be viewed by going to https://www.ifac.org/EDs. Comments may be submitted by email to EDComments@ifac.org. They may also be faxed to the attention of the PAIB Committee Technical Manager at +1-212-286-9570 or mailed to PAIB Committee Technical Manager at 545 Fifth Avenue, 14th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA.

All comments will be considered a matter of public record and will ultimately be posted on the IFAC website. A summary of online feedback on the proposed governance guidance will also be posted on the IFAC website.
 
About IFAC
IFAC is the global organization for the accountancy profession dedicated to serving the public interest by strengthening the profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies. IFAC is comprised of 157 members and associates in 123 countries and jurisdictions, representing more than 2.5 million accountants in public practice, education, government service, industry and commerce. Through its independent standard-setting boards, IFAC sets international standards on ethics, auditing and assurance, education, and public sector accounting. Through its Professional Accountants in Business Committee, IFAC issues guidance to encourage high quality performance by professional accountants in business.